The waddR package provides an adaptation of the semi-parametric testing procedure based on the 2-Wasserstein distance which is specifically tailored to identify differential distributions in single-cell RNA seqencing (scRNAseq) data.
In particular, a two-stage (TS) approach is implemented that takes account of the specific nature of scRNAseq data by separately testing for differential proportions of zero gene expression (using a logistic regression model) and differences in non-zero gene expression (using the semi-parametric 2-Wasserstein distance-based test) between two conditions.
As an example on how to analyze scRNAseq gene expression data for two different conditions, we look at decidua and blood samples from a data set by Vento-Tormo et al. (2018) (https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0698-6). For our purpose here, we use one a pre-processed and normalized replicate for the two conditions, which is available for download on GitHub.
First, we load all required packages:
suppressPackageStartupMessages({
library("waddR")
library("SingleCellExperiment")
library("BiocFileCache")
})Then, we download the example data set:
url.base <- "https://github.com/goncalves-lab/waddR-data/blob/master/data/"
sce.blood.url <- paste0(url.base, "data_blood.rda?raw=true")
sce.decidua.url <- paste0(url.base, "data_decidua.rda?raw=true")
getCachedPath <- function(url, rname){
bfc <- BiocFileCache() # fire up cache
res <- bfcquery(bfc, url, field="fpath", exact=TRUE)
if (bfccount(res) == 0L)
cachedFilePath <- bfcadd(bfc, rname=rname, fpath=url)
else
cachedFilePath <- bfcpath(bfc, res[["rid"]])
cachedFilePath
}
load(getCachedPath(sce.blood.url, "data_blood"))
load(getCachedPath(sce.decidua.url, "data_decidua"))Having downloaded the two SingleCellExperiment objects data_blood and data_decidua, we randomly select a subset of 1000 genes which we proceed with, as a whole analysis would be out of the scope of this vignette.
set.seed(28)
randgenes <- sample(rownames(data_blood), 1000, replace=FALSE)
sce.blood <- data_blood[randgenes, ]
sce.decidua <- data_decidua[randgenes, ]The input data to the main function wasserstein.sc can be supplied either as an overall data matrix and a vector specifying the condition of each column (cell), or in the form of two SingleCellExperiment objects, one for each condition. Note that the input data matrix or the input SingleCellExperiment objects should ideally contain data that has been normalized for cell- or gene-specific biases, as is the case for our example data here.
We here proceed using the two loaded SingleCellExperiment objects. Note that the SingleCellExperiment objects supplied to wasserstein.sc must contain a counts assay each, which contains the corresponding (ideally normalized) expression data matrix.
assays(sce.blood)
#> List of length 1
#> names(1): counts
assays(sce.decidua)
#> List of length 1
#> names(1): countsThe test is then performed using the wasserstein.sc function. To obtain reproducible results, a seed is set when calling wasserstein.sc. For convenience with repect to computation time, we employ permnum=1000 permutations in our example here, while typically the use of more than 1000 permutations is recommended. We specifically consider a two-stage (TS) procedure here (method="TS"), which includes a test for differential proportions of zero gene expression (DPZ) and a test for differential distributions for non-zero gene expression. The TS procedure is applied to all genes in the data set, with one row of the output corresponding to the test result of one specific gene. Note that the DPZ test in the TS procedure takes account of the cellular detection rate and thus depends on the number of considered genes. Hence, the DPZ test results for our exemplary subset of genes differ from that when the test is applied to the whole set of genes.
res <- wasserstein.sc(sce.blood, sce.decidua, method="TS",permnum=1000,seed=24)
head(res, n=10L)
#> d.wass d.wass^2 d.comp^2 d.comp location
#> TBC1D10A-ENSG00000099992 0.4374049 0.1913230 0.1910411 0.4370825 0.16525365
#> KATNBL1-ENSG00000134152 0.4672668 0.2183383 0.2179593 0.4668611 0.20703597
#> ACVR1B-ENSG00000135503 0.5512761 0.3039053 0.2991235 0.5469218 0.24135455
#> LCMT1-AS1-ENSG00000260448 0.5024994 0.2525056 0.2690362 0.5186870 0.09321209
#> PRPS2-ENSG00000101911 0.5067186 0.2567637 0.2561704 0.5061328 0.24615711
#> RBM18-ENSG00000119446 0.4745888 0.2252345 0.2248189 0.4741508 0.20232745
#> HTT-ENSG00000197386 0.5371767 0.2885588 0.2876105 0.5362933 0.24187275
#> SGCD-ENSG00000170624 NA NA NA NA NA
#> NTMT1-ENSG00000148335 0.4438114 0.1969685 0.1958962 0.4426017 0.15861639
#> YTHDC2-ENSG00000047188 0.4079472 0.1664209 0.1657618 0.4071386 0.12423241
#> size shape rho p.nonzero
#> TBC1D10A-ENSG00000099992 0.021074396 0.004713024 0.9631361 1.490688e-10
#> KATNBL1-ENSG00000134152 0.005251694 0.005671621 0.9616423 4.631608e-10
#> ACVR1B-ENSG00000135503 0.044776858 0.012992068 0.7981924 9.593193e-03
#> LCMT1-AS1-ENSG00000260448 0.150547503 0.025276586 0.8263264 2.340000e-01
#> PRPS2-ENSG00000101911 0.005355620 0.004657646 0.9711169 6.664950e-09
#> RBM18-ENSG00000119446 0.009141826 0.013349665 0.8995144 3.254822e-07
#> HTT-ENSG00000197386 0.031727250 0.014010479 0.9206277 3.126485e-07
#> SGCD-ENSG00000170624 NA NA NA NA
#> NTMT1-ENSG00000148335 0.034006536 0.003273305 0.9652643 1.340940e-07
#> YTHDC2-ENSG00000047188 0.034077247 0.007452183 0.9333628 1.589723e-07
#> p.ad.gpd N.exc perc.loc perc.size perc.shape
#> TBC1D10A-ENSG00000099992 0.40301453 250 86.50 11.03 2.47
#> KATNBL1-ENSG00000134152 0.06555501 250 94.99 2.41 2.60
#> ACVR1B-ENSG00000135503 0.45863425 250 80.69 14.97 4.34
#> LCMT1-AS1-ENSG00000260448 NA NA 34.65 55.96 9.40
#> PRPS2-ENSG00000101911 0.06025367 250 96.09 2.09 1.82
#> RBM18-ENSG00000119446 0.55222476 250 90.00 4.07 5.94
#> HTT-ENSG00000197386 0.23819388 250 84.10 11.03 4.87
#> SGCD-ENSG00000170624 NA NA NA NA NA
#> NTMT1-ENSG00000148335 0.31841709 250 80.97 17.36 1.67
#> YTHDC2-ENSG00000047188 0.31272403 250 74.95 20.56 4.50
#> decomp.error p.zero p.combined p.adj.nonzero
#> TBC1D10A-ENSG00000099992 0.001473747 0.5969227510 2.148269e-09 5.373931e-10
#> KATNBL1-ENSG00000134152 0.001735693 0.0371637528 4.438382e-10 1.567788e-09
#> ACVR1B-ENSG00000135503 0.015734593 0.0825630972 6.447944e-03 1.353560e-02
#> LCMT1-AS1-ENSG00000260448 0.065466085 0.2858556037 2.478083e-01 2.673756e-01
#> PRPS2-ENSG00000101911 0.002310943 0.2389382559 3.385354e-08 1.914514e-08
#> RBM18-ENSG00000119446 0.001845202 0.0595411973 3.635428e-07 7.333521e-07
#> HTT-ENSG00000197386 0.003286331 0.2606551281 1.411690e-06 7.111028e-07
#> SGCD-ENSG00000170624 NA 0.7370453706 7.370454e-01 NA
#> NTMT1-ENSG00000148335 0.005444007 0.0000104253 3.955698e-11 3.180322e-07
#> YTHDC2-ENSG00000047188 0.003960462 0.9555869267 2.536923e-06 3.745720e-07
#> p.adj.zero p.adj.combined
#> TBC1D10A-ENSG00000099992 0.8787685653 8.457751e-09
#> KATNBL1-ENSG00000134152 0.1568090835 1.888673e-09
#> ACVR1B-ENSG00000135503 0.2808268614 1.239989e-02
#> LCMT1-AS1-ENSG00000260448 0.6132789759 3.644240e-01
#> PRPS2-ENSG00000101911 0.5556703625 1.163352e-07
#> RBM18-ENSG00000119446 0.2263923852 1.102937e-06
#> HTT-ENSG00000197386 0.5870610994 4.044957e-06
#> SGCD-ENSG00000170624 0.9335326862 8.413760e-01
#> NTMT1-ENSG00000148335 0.0001556015 1.874738e-10
#> YTHDC2-ENSG00000047188 0.9800891556 6.988768e-06| Output column | Description |
|---|---|
| d.wass | 2-Wasserstein distance between the two samples: quantile approximation |
| d.wass^2 | squared 2-Wasserstein distance between the two samples: quantile approximation |
| d.comp^2 | squared 2-Wasserstein distance: decomposition approximation |
| d.comp | 2-Wasserstein distance: decomposition approximation |
| location | location term in the decomposition of the squared 2-Wasserstein distance |
| size | size term in the decomposition of the squared 2-Wasserstein distance |
| shape | shape term in the decomposition of the squared 2-Wasserstein distance |
| rho | correlation coefficient in the quantile-quantile plot |
| p.nonzero | p-value of the semi-parametric 2-Wasserstein distance-based test |
| p.ad.gpd | p-value of the Anderson-Darling test to check whether the GPD actually fits the data well * |
| N.exc | number of exceedances (starting with 250 and iteratively decreased by 10 if necessary) that are required to obtain a good GPD fit (i.e. p-value of Anderson-Darling test greater than or equal to 0.05) * |
| perc.loc | fraction (in %) of the location part with respect to the overall squared 2-Wasserstein distance obtained by the decomposition approximation |
| perc.size | fraction (in %) of the size part with respect to the overall squared 2-Wasserstein distance obtained by the decomposition approximation |
| perc.shape | fraction (in %) of the shape part with respect to the overall squared 2-Wasserstein distance obtained by the decomposition approximation |
| decomp.error | relative error between the squared 2-Wasserstein distance computed by the quantile approximation and the squared 2-Wasserstein distance computed by the decomposition approximation |
| p.zero | p-value of the test for differential proportions of zero expression (logistic regression model) |
| p.combined | combined p-value of p.nonzero and p.zero obtained by Fisher’s method |
| pval.adj | adjusted p-value of the semi-parametric 2-Wasserstein distance-based test according to the method of Benjamini-Hochberg |
| p.adj.zero | adjusted p-value of the test for differential proportions of zero expression (logistic regression model) according to the method of Benjamini-Hochberg |
| p.adj.combined | adjusted combined p-value of p.nonzero and p.zero obtained by Fisher’s method according to the method of Benjamini-Hochberg |
* only if GPD fitting is performed (otherwise NA)
For further details of the testing procedure for scRNAseq data, see ?wasserstein.sc.
The waddR package
Two-sample tests to check for differences between two distributions
sessionInfo()
#> R version 4.4.1 (2024-06-14)
#> Platform: x86_64-pc-linux-gnu
#> Running under: Ubuntu 24.04.1 LTS
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